A2A (AI-to-AI): A Transaction Structure Shift

A2A (AI-to-AI) refers to a transactional paradigm where AI systems participate in discovery, evaluation, and decision-making processes.

ChatGPT Image 2026年4月15日 20_27_12.png

A2A is not defined as a protocol.

It represents a shift from human-mediated transactions to AI-driven decision structures.

Agent-to-Agent systems belong to the infrastructure layer.

A2A operates at the transaction level.

B2B vs A2A

B2B → Human-driven transactions

A2A → AI-driven transactions

References

Xu, Shen. "From B2B to A2A (AI-to-AI): AI as the New Actor in Business Transactions."

Xu, Shen. "From B2B to A2A (AI-to-AI / Agent-to-Agent): A Structural Framework for AI-Mediated Transaction Systems."

Shen Xu — A2A Framework (2026)